1. What is the primary characteristic of Unilateral UMN dysarthria?
a. Articulation deficits that are mild
2. Where is the lesion?
a. On the contra-lateral side of the weakness
3. What articulators are primarily affected?  Why is this? How are the articulators affected?
a. Tongue and Lips (lower face);
b. because the other cranial nerves serving the speech muscles receive bilateral innervation from the upper motor neurons and the cranial nerves serving the lips and tongue are innervated primarily by t he upper motor neurons only on one side of the brain.
c. The articulators are slow and have reduced range of motion; the tongue might deviate toward the affected side; common complaint is that the tongue movement is slow and clumsy.
4. Clinically can any other structures that are bilaterally innervated be affected by  effects of unilateral UMN.  Give an example. Why is this?
a. Yes.
b. hoarse phonation  (Vagus is bilaterally innervated)
c. It appears that innervation from the unaffected hemisphere is not a perfect replacement for the innervation from the damaged UMN in the opposite hemisphere
5. Which type of lesion is most likely to result in Unilateral UMN: focal, degenerative diseases, infections, metabolic? Why?
a. Focal
b. The other causes of lesions are more wide spread and would likely affect more than UMNs unlaterally
6. What is the most common cause of unilateral UMNdysarthria?  Where?
a. Stroke
b. particularly located in the internal capsule where many descending UMN are compacted closely and in the frontal lobe (formulating and initiating movment)

7. What are some other possible causes of unilateral UMN?  Tumors, TBI
8. Describe the speech characteristics of Unilateral UMN
a. Mild or moderate problem
b. Often short-term with recovery over a period of days or weeks
c. Principally a disorder of articulation: imprecise consonant production
d. Dysarthria is characterized by weakness and reduced ROM and decreased fine motor control of the tongue and lips.
e. Slightly slow AMRs
9. What other processes might be affected and why might this be?
a. Phonation and resonance
b. Unilateral UMN may cause mild vocal fold weakness or spasticity
Previous unknown lesions
Effect of the Aging process, general health conditions
10. What are some key evaluation tasks for Unilateral UMN Dysarthria?
a. Medical reports describing site of lesion (speech may be the only evidence that a stroke has occurred---too small for neurological imaging)
b. Conversational speech (imprecise articulation
c. AMRs slowed rate of phoneme production
d. Vowel prolongation (harsh voice)
11. Describe some treatment procedures for Unilateral UMN dysarthria.
a. Intelligibility drills (clinician not looking and trying to discriminate)
b. Phonetic placements
c. Exaggerating consonants
d. Minimal contrast drills
e. Oral exercises for lip and tongue(use with much discretion)